Frank Smith is recognized as a critical contributor to research on the reading process and his book “Understanding Reading: A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and Learning to Read” is viewed as central to the whole language movement. The book fuses research in the areas of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology and applies it to reading. Through his writing, he introduced the notions of “making sense of print” and of two language levels where “the deep structure (meaning) is far more significant than the surface structure (sound waves or marks on paper)” (Smith, 2012).